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''Mit brennender Sorge'' ((英語:With Burning Anxiety)) ''On the Church and the German Reich'' is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, 14 March).〔"Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518-519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, ISBN 0-8196-0189-6〕 Written in German, not the usual Latin, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, Palm Sunday (March 21 that year).〔Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.58〕〔"Before 1931 all such messages () were written in Latin. The encyclical ''Non abbiamo bisogno'' of June 29, 1931, which condemned certain theories and practices of Italian Fascism, particularly in the realm of education, and denounced certain treaty violations of Signor Mussolini's Government, was the first document of that kind that appeared in a language other than Latin.", The Catholic Herald, "FIRST ENCYCLICAL IN GERMAN", PAGE 3, 9TH APRIL 1937 ()〕 The encyclical condemned breaches of the 1933 ''Reichskonkordat'' agreement signed between the German Reich and the Holy See.〔Robert A.Ventresca - p.iv of photos, ''Soldier of Christ''〕 It condemned "pantheistic confusion", "neopaganism", "the so-called myth of race and blood", and the idolizing of the State. It contained a vigorous defense of the Old Testament out of belief that it prepared the way for the New.〔Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156-157〕 The encyclical states that race is a fundamental value of the human community which is necessary and honorable but condemns the exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, above their standard value to an idolatrous level.〔Martin Rhonheimer, The Holocaust: What Was Not Said, First Things 137 (November 2003): 18-28〕 The encyclical declares "that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect."〔Mit Brennnder Sorge; see paragraph 30. of the encyclical contnts in article's main body text for a spread of opinion on the meaning of the passage.〕 National Socialism, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party are not named in the document. The term "Reich Government" is used.〔Mit Brennender Sorge Para 3〕 According to Ventresca, Cardinal Faulhaber, who wrote a first draft, was adamant that the encyclical should be careful in both its tone and substance and should avoid explicit reference to Nazism or the Nazi Party.〔Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.118; "The word National Socialism does not appear at all in the document. The Pope has not tried to give a full analysis of the National Socialist doctrine. That would, indeed, have been impossible, as the Nazi movement is relatively young and it is doubtful whether certain ideas are "official" and essential parts of its doctrine or not.", The Catholic Herald, PAGE 3, 9TH APRIL 1937 ()〕 Historian William Shirer wrote that the document accused the regime of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church".〔 According to Scholder, the leader of the German Bishops conference, Cardinal Bertram, sought to blunt the impact of the encyclical by ordering that critical passages be not read out.〔Scholder, Requiem for Hitler, p. 159〕 The large effort to produce and distribute over 300,000 copies of the letter was entirely secret, allowing priests across Germany to read the letter without interference.〔The Roman Catholic periodical ''The Tablet'' reported at the time "The Encyclical, which took the Nazi Government completely unawares, had been introduced into Germany by the diplomatic bag to the Nunciature, and Monsignor Orsenigo, Apostolic Nuncio in Berlin had arranged for its secret distribution all over the country so that it was read in every Catholic church of the Reich last Sunday, before the Government had time to confiscate and suppress it.", The Tablet, 3rd April 1937, p.10 ()〕 The Gestapo raided the churches the next day to confiscate all the copies they could find, and the presses that had printed the letter were closed. According to historian Ian Kershaw, an intensification of the general anti-church struggle began around April in response to the encyclical.〔Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p. 381–382〕 Historian Klaus Scholder wrote: "state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits."〔Scholder, p. 154-155〕 The regime further constrained the actions of the Church and harassed monks with staged prosecutions.〔The Catholic periodical ''The Tablet'' reported shortly after the issuing of the encyclical "The case in the Berlin court against three priests and five Catholic laymen is, in public opinion, the Reich's answer to the Pope's ''Mit brennender Sorge'' encyclical, as the prisoners have been in concentration camps for over a year. Chaplain Rossaint of Dusseldorf is, however, known as a pacifist and an opponent of the National Socialist regime, and it is not denied that he was indiscreet; but he is, moreover, accused of having tried to form a Catholic-Communist front on the plea that he baptized a Jewish Communist. This the accused denies, and his defence has been supported by Communist witnesses", The Tablet, p. 13, 24 April 1937 ()〕 Though Hitler is not named in the encyclical, it does refer to a "mad prophet" that some claim refers to Hitler himself.〔McGonigle, p. 172: "the encyclical ''Mit brennender Sorge'' was read in Catholic Churches in Germany. In effect it taught that the racial ideas of the leader ''(Führer)'' and totalitarianism stood in opposition to the Catholic faith; Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392; Historian Michael Phayer wrote that the encyclical doesn't condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted" (Phayer, 2002, p. 2; "His encyclical ''Mit brennender Sorge'' was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance.'"; Rhodes, pp. 204-205: "''Mit brennender Sorge'' did not prevaricate... Nor was the Fuhrer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ': 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance' (widerliche Hochmut)."; "It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Fuhrer," or called him a "mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi "reformers" (John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52)〕 The Vatican's Secretary of State, Cardinal Pacelli (later elected as Pope Pius XII), wrote to Germany's Cardinal Faulhaber on April 2, 1937 explaining that the encyclical was theologically and pastorally necessary “to preserve the true faith in Germany.” The encyclical also defended baptized Jews, considered still Jews by the Nazis (but not by the Church) because of racial theories that the Church could not accept. The encyclical does not discuss the Jewish people in general; however, the Nazis framed their position against the Jewish people in terms of the Germanic race and the Jewish race, i.e., racism.〔(Martin Rhonheimer, What was not Said )〕 It was reported at the time that the encyclical ''Mit Brennender Sorge'' was somewhat overshadowed by the anti-communist encyclical ''Divini Redemptoris'' which was issued on 19 March in order to avoid the charge by the Nazis that the Pope was indirectly favoring communism.〔The Church And Germany, The Catholic Herald, ''"The Church And Germany"'',PAGE 8, 16TH APRIL 1937 ()〕 == Background == Following the Nazi takeover, the Catholic Church hierarchy in Germany initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, but by 1937 had become highly disillusioned. A threatening, though initially mainly sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church followed the Nazi takeover.〔Ian Kershaw; ''Hitler a Biography''; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.332〕 Hitler moved quickly to eliminate Political Catholicism. Two thousand functionaries of the Bavarian People's Party were rounded up by police in late June 1933, and it, along with the national Catholic Centre Party, ceased to exist in early July. Vice Chancellor Papen meanwhile negotiated the Reichskonkordat Treaty with the Vatican, which prohibited clergy from participating in politics.〔Ian Kershaw; ''Hitler a Biography''; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.290〕 Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations".〔Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p.295〕 The ''Reichskonkordat'' ((英語:Reich Concordat)) was signed on 20 July 1933, between the Holy See and Germany. According to historian Pinchas Lapide, the Nazis saw the treaty as giving them moral legitimacy and prestige, whilst the Catholic Church sought to protect itself from persecution through a signed agreement.〔Three Popes and the Jews, Pinchas Lapide, 1967, Hawthorn Press, p. 102〕 According to Guenter Lewy, a common view within Church circles at the time was that Nazism would not last long, and the favorable Concordat terms would outlive the current regime (the Concordat does remain in force today).〔Lewy, 1964, p. 92〕 A Church handbook published with the recommendation of the entire German Church episcopate described the Concordat as "proof that two powers, totalitarian in their character, can find an agreement, if their domains are separate and if overlaps in jurisdiction become parallel or in a friendly manner lead them to make common cause".〔Lewy, 1964, p. 93〕 Lewy wrote "The harmonious co-operation anticipated at the time did not quite materialize" but that the reasons for this "lay less in the lack of readiness of the Church than in the short sighted policies of the Hitler regime."〔 In ''Mit brennender Sorge'', Pope Pius XI said that the Holy See had signed the Concordat "In spite of many serious misgivings" and in the hope it might "safeguard the liberty of the church in her mission of salvation in Germany". The treaty consisted of 34 articles and a supplementary protocol. Article 1 guaranteed "freedom of profession and public practice of the Catholic religion" and acknowledged the right of the church to regulate its own affairs. Within three months of the signing of the document, Cardinal Bertram, head of the German Catholic Bishops Conference, was writing in a Pastoral Letter of "grievous and gnawing anxiety" with regard to the government's actions towards Catholic organisations, charitable institutions, youth groups, press, Catholic Action and the mistreatment of Catholics for their political beliefs.〔''The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church''; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942〕 According to Paul O'Shea, Hitler had a "blatant disregard" for the Concordat, and its signing was to him merely a first step in the "gradual suppression of the Catholic Church in Germany".〔Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 234-5; ISBN 978-1-877058-71-4〕 Anton Gill wrote that "with his usual irresistable, bullying technique, Hitler then proceeded to take a mile where he had been given an inch" and closed all Catholic institutions whose functions weren't strictly religious:〔Anton Gill; ''An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler''; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.57〕 Following the signing of the document, the formerly outspoken nature of opposition by German Catholic leaders towards the Nazi movement weakened considerably.〔Joachim Fest; Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945; Weidenfield & Nicolson; London; p.31〕 But violations of the Concordat by the Nazis began almost immediately and were to continue such that Falconi described the Concordat with Germany as "a complete failure"〔Falconi, 1967, p. 227〕 The Concordat, wrote William Shirer, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". On 25 July, the Nazis promulgated their sterilization law, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality".〔William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-5〕 Historian of the German Resistance Peter Hoffmann wrote that, following the Nazi takeover:〔Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.14〕 In August 1936 The German episcopate had asked Pius XI for an encyclical that would deal with the current situation of the Church in Germany.〔Lewy, 1967, p. 228〕 In November 1936 Hitler had a meeting with Cardinal Faulhaber during which he indicated that more pressure would be put on the Church unless it collaborated more zealously with the regime.〔Falconi, 1967, p. 228〕 On December 21, 1936 the Pope invited, via Cardinal Pacelli, senior members of the German episcopate to Rome. On 16 January 1937 five German prelates and Cardinal Pacelli agreed unanimously that the time had now come for public act by the Holy See.〔 Pope Pius XI was gravely ill but he too was convinced of the need to publish an encyclical about the Church in Germany as soon as possible.〔Falconi, 1967, p. 229〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mit brennender Sorge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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